QUES . How can the mountain ecosystem be restored from the negative impact of development initiatives and tourism? UPSC 2019 G S MAINS PAPER 1
HINTS:
Mountains occupy about a quarter of the Earth’s land, harbour most of its biodiversity hotspots and supply fresh water to an estimated half of humanity. Present on every continent, mountains include a multitude of ecosystems holding many unique species such as snow leopards and mountain gorillas. They are also home to great cultural diversity among people adapted to the challenges of mountain life. Their special traditions and breath-taking scenery attract ever-growing numbers of tourists.
Mountain regions are particularly sensitive to degradation from both human pressures and climate change. Steep slopes mean the clearing of forest for farming, settlements or infrastructure can cause serious soil erosion as well as the loss of habitat. Erosion and pollution harm the quality of water flowing downstream. Climate change threatens the quantity and timing of water supplies to farms, cities, industry and power stations. Fast-rising temperatures are forcing mountain species, ecosystems and the people that depend on them to adapt or migrate.
The restoration of a mountain ecosystem that has been negatively impacted by development initiatives and tourism requires a comprehensive approach that considers various factors. Here are some steps that could be taken:
Conduct an environmental assessment: Before starting any restoration efforts, it is essential to conduct a thorough assessment of the ecosystem. This will help to identify the extent of the damage and prioritize the areas that require the most attention.
Control tourism and development: Implement policies and regulations that limit the negative impact of tourism and development on the ecosystem. This could include limiting the number of tourists that can visit the area, establishing designated trails, and requiring permits for construction activities.
Restore degraded areas: Identify areas that have been most impacted by development and tourism and prioritize their restoration. This could include replanting trees, restoring water sources, and removing invasive species.
Promote sustainable practices: Encourage sustainable practices among tourists and local communities. This could include promoting eco-tourism, providing education on sustainable living, and supporting sustainable agriculture. Indigenous knowledge can be a vital resource in keeping the use of natural resources sustainable.
Establish partnerships: Collaborate with local communities, NGOs, and government agencies to establish partnerships that support restoration efforts. This could include providing training and resources to local communities and involving them in the restoration process.
Spreading awareness: Educate the public about the importance of the mountain ecosystem and the negative impacts of development and tourism.
Monitor and evaluate: Regularly monitor and evaluate the restoration efforts to assess their effectiveness and adjust the strategies accordingly.
Protection of wildlife: Protect wildlife by reducing human-wildlife conflicts, protecting endangered species, and preserving their natural habitats.
Restoring a mountain ecosystem that has been negatively impacted by development initiatives and tourism requires a long-term commitment and a multi-stakeholder approach. It is essential to consider the needs of both the ecosystem and the local communities that depend on it.
