Paper – I
1 . Sources
Archaeological sources: Exploration, excavation, epigraphy, numismatics, monuments.
Literary sources:
Indigenous: Primary and secondary; poetry, scientific literature, literature, literature in regional languages, religious literature.
Foreign account: Greek, Chinese and Arab writers.
2 . Pre-history and Proto-history:
Geographical factors; hunting and gathering (paleolithic and mesolithic); Beginning of agriculture (neolithic and chalcolithic)
3 . Indus Valley Civilization:
Origin, date, extent, characteristics-decline, survival and significance, art and architecture.
4 . Megalithic Cultures:
Distribution of pastoral and farming cultures outside the Indus, Development of community life, Settlements, Development of agriculture, Crafts, Pottery, and Iron industry.
5 . Aryans and Vedic Period:
Expansions of Aryans in India:
Vedic Period: Religious and philosophic literature; Transformation from Rig Vedic period to the later Vedic period; Political, social, and economical life; Significance of the Vedic Age; Evolution of Monarchy and Varna system.
6 . Period of Mahajanapadas:
Formation of States (Mahajanapada): Republics and monarchies; Rise of urban centres; Trade routes; Economic growth; Introduction of coinage; Spread of Jainism and Buddism; Rise of Magadha and Nandas. Iranian and Macedonian invasions and their impact.
7 . Mauryan Empire: Foundation of the Mauryan Empire, Chandragupta, Kautilya, and Arthashastra; Ashoka; Concept of Dharma; Edicts; Polity, Administration, Economy; Art, architecture, and sculpture; External contacts; Religion; Spread of religion; Literature.
Disintegration of the empire; Sungas and Kanvas.
8 . Post-Mauryan Period (Indo-Greeks, Sakas, Kushanas, Western Kshatrapas): Contact with outside world; growth of urban centres, economy, coinage, development of religions, Mahayana, social conditions, art, architecture, culture, literature, and science.
9 . Early State and Society in Eastern India, Deccan, and South India: Kharavela, The Satavahanas, Tamil States of the Sangam Age; Administration, Economy, land grants, coinage, trade guilds, and urban centres; Buddhist centres; Sangam literature and culture; Art and architecture.
10 . Guptas, Vakatakas and Vardhanas: Polity and administration, Economic conditions, Coinage of the Guptas, Land grants, Decline of urban centres, Indian feudalism, Caste system, Position of women, Education and educational institutions; Nalanda, Vikramshila and Vallabhi, Literature, scientific literature, art, and architecture.
11 . Regional States during Gupta Era: The Kadambas, Pallavas, Chalukyas of Badami; Polity and Administration, Trade guilds, Literature; growth of Vaishnava and Saiva religions. Tamil Bhakti movement, Shankaracharya; Vedanta; Institutions of temple and temple architecture; Palas, Senas, Rashtrakutas, Paramaras, Polity, and administration; Cultural aspects. Arab conquest of Sind; Alberuni, The Chaluky as of Kalyana, Cholas, Hoysalas, Pandyas; Polity and Administration; Local Government; Growth of art and architecture, religious sects, Institution of temple and Mathas, Agraharas, education and literature, economy and society.
12 . Themes in Early Indian Cultural History: Languages and texts, major stages in the evolution of art and architecture, major philosophical thinkers and schools, ideas in Science and Mathematics.
13 . Early Medieval India, 750-1200:
o Polity: Major political developments in Northern India and the peninsula, origin, and the rise of Rajputs.
o The Cholas: administration, village economy and society “Indian Feudalism”.
o Agrarian economy and urban settlements.
o Trade and commerce.
o Society: the status of the Brahman and the new social order.
o Condition of women.
o Indian science and technology.
14 . Cultural Traditions in India, 750-1200:
o Philosophy: Skankaracharya and Vedanta, Ramanuja and Vishishtadvaita, Madhva and Brahma Mimansa.
o Religion: Forms and features of religion, Tamil devotional cult, growth of Bhakti, Islam and its arrival in India, Sufism.
o Literature: Literature in Sanskrit, growth of Tamil literature, literature in the newly developing languages, Kalhan’s Rajtarangini, Alberuni’s India.
o Art and Architecture: Temple architecture, sculpture, painting.
15 . The Thirteenth Century:
o Establishment of the Delhi Sultanate: The Ghurian invasions – factors behind Ghurian success.
o Economic, Social and cultural consequences.
o Foundation of Delhi Sultanate and early Turkish Sultans.
o Consolidation: The rule of Iltutmish and Balban.
16 . The Fourteenth Century:
o “The Khalji Revolution”.
o Alauddin Khalji: Conquests and territorial expansion, agrarian and economic measure.
o Muhammad Tughluq: Major projects, agrarian measures, bureaucracy of Muhammad Tughluq.
o Firuz Tugluq: Agrarian measures, achievements in civil engineering and public works, decline of the Sultanate, foreign contacts and Ibn Battuta’s account.
17 . Society, Culture and Economy in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries:
o Society: composition of rural society, ruling classes, town dwellers, women, religious classes, caste and slavery under the Sultanate, Bhakti movement, Sufi movement.
o Culture: Persian literature, literature in the regional languages of North India, literature in the languages of South India, Sultanate architecture and new structural forms, painting, evolution of a composite culture.
o Economy: Agricultural Production, rise of urban economy and non-agricultural production, trade, and commerce.
18 . The Fifteenth and Early Sixteenth Century-Political Developments and Economy:
o Rise of Provincial Dynasties: Bengal, Kashmir (Zainul Abedin), Gujarat.
o Malwa, Bahmanids.
o The Vijayanagara Empire.
o Lodis. — Mughal Empire, First phase: Babur, Humayun.
o The Sur Empire: Sher Shah’s administration.
o Portuguese colonial enterprise, Bhakti, and Sufi Movements.
19 . The Fifteenth and Early Sixteenth Century- Society and culture:
o Regional cultures specificities.
o Literary traditions.
o Provincial architectural.
o Society, culture, literature, and the arts in Vijayanagara Empire.
20 . Akbar:
o Conquests and consolidation of empire.
o Establishment of jagir and mansab systems.
o Rajput policy.
o Evolution of religious and social outlook. Theory of Sulh-i-kul and religious policy.
o Court patronage of art and technology.
21 . Mughal Empire in the Seventeenth Century:
o Major administrative policies of Jahangir, Shahjahan, and Aurangzeb.
o The Empire and the Zamindars.
o Religious policies of Jahangir, Shahjahan, and Aurangzeb.
o Nature of the Mughal State.
o Late Seventeenth-Century crisis and the revolts.
o The Ahom kingdom.
o Shivaji and the early Maratha Kingdom.
22 . Economy and society, in the 16th and 17th Centuries:
o Population Agricultural and craft production.
o Towns, commerce with Europe through Dutch, English and French companies: a trade revolution.
o Indian mercantile classes. Banking, insurance, and credit systems.
o Conditions of peasants, Condition of Women.
o Evolution of the Sikh community and the Khalsa Panth.
23 . Culture during Mughal Empire:
o Persian histories and other literature.
o Hindi and religious literatures.
o Mughal architecture.
o Mughal painting.
o Provincial architecture and painting.
o Classical music.
o Science and technology.
24 . The Eighteenth Century:
o Factors for the decline of the Mughal Empire.
o The regional principalities: Nizam’s Deccan, Bengal, Awadh.
o Maratha ascendancy under the Peshwas.
o The Maratha fiscal and financial system.
o Emergence of Afghan power Battle of Panipat, 1761.
o State of, political, cultural, and economic, on eve of the British conquest.
Paper – II
1 . European Penetration into India: The Early European Settlements; The Portuguese and the Dutch; The English and the French East India Companies; Their struggle for supremacy; Carnatic Wars; Bengal-The conflict between the English and the Nawabs of Bengal; Siraj and the English; The Battle of Plassey; Significance of Plassey.
2 . British Expansion in India: Bengal-Mir Jafar and Mir Kasim; The Battle of Buxar; Mysore; The Marathas; The three AngloMaratha Wars; The Punjab.
3 . Early Structure of the British Raj: The Early administrative structure; From diarchy to direct control; The Regulating Act (1773); The Pitt’s India Act (1784); The Charter Act (1833); The Voice of free trade and the changing character of British colonial rule; The English utilitarian and India.
4 . Economic Impact of British Colonial Rule:
(a) Land revenue settlements in British India; The Permanent Settlement; Ryotwari Settlement; Mahalwari Settlement; Economic impact of the revenue arrangements; Commercialization of agriculture; Rise of landless agrarian labourers; Impoverishment of the rural society.
(b) Dislocation of traditional trade and commerce; De-industrialisation; Decline of traditional crafts; Drain of wealth; Economic transformation of India; Railroad and communication network including telegraph and postal services; Famine and poverty in the rural interior; European business enterprise and its limitations.
5 . Social and Cultural Developments: The state of indigenous education, its dislocation; Orientalist-Anglicist controversy, The introduction of western education in India; The rise of press, literature, and public opinion; The rise of modern vernacular literature; Progress of science; Christian missionary activities in India.
6 . Social and Religious Reform Movements in Bengal and Other Areas: Ram Mohan Roy, The Brahmo Movement; Devendranath Tagore; Iswarchandra Vidyasagar; The Young Bengal Movement; Dayanada Saraswati; The social reform movements in India including Sati, widow remarriage, child marriage, etc.; The contribution of Indian renaissance to the growth of modern India; Islamic revivalism-the Feraizi and Wahabi Movements.
7 . Indian Response to British Rule: Peasant movement and tribal uprisings in the 18th and 19th centuries including the Rangpur Dhing (1783), the Kol Rebellion (1832), the Mopla Rebellion in Malabar (1841-1920), the Santal Hul (1855), Indigo Rebellion (1859-60), Deccan Uprising (1875) and the Munda Ulgulan (1899-1900); The Great Revolt of 1857 —Origin, character, causes of failure, the consequences; The shift in the character of peasant uprisings in the post-1857 period; the peasant movements of the 1920s and 1930s.
8 . Factors leading to the birth of Indian Nationalism; Politics of Association; The Foundation of the Indian National Congress; The Safety-valve thesis relating to the birth of the Congress; Programme and objectives of Early Congress; the social composition of early Congress leadership; the Moderates and Extremists; The Partition of Bengal (1905); The Swadeshi Movement in Bengal; the economic and political aspects of Swadeshi Movement; The beginning of revolutionary extremism in India.
9 . Rise of Gandhi; Character of Gandhian nationalism; Gandhi’s popular appeal; Rowlatt Satyagraha; the Khilafat Movement; the Non-cooperation Movement; National politics from the end of the Noncooperation movement to the beginning of the Civil Disobedience Movement; the two phases of the Civil Disobedience Movement; Simon Commission; The Nehru Report; the Round Table Conferences; Nationalism and the Peasant Movements; Nationalism and Working-class movements; Women and Indian youth and students in Indian politics (1885-1947); the election of 1937 and the formation of ministries; Cripps Mission; the Quit India Movement; the Wavell Plan; The Cabinet Mission.
10 . Constitutional Developments in the Colonial India between 1858 and 1935.
11 . Other strands in the National Movement. The Revolutionaries: Bengal, the Punjab, Maharashtra, U.P. the Madras Presidency, Outside India. The Left; The Left within the Congress: Jawaharlal Nehru, Subhas Chandra Bose, the Congress Socialist Party; the Communist Party of India, other left parties.
12 . Politics of Separatism; the Muslim League; the Hindu Mahasabha; Communalism and the politics of partition; Transfer of power; Independence.
13 . Consolidation as a Nation; Nehru’s Foreign Policy; India and her neighbours (1947-1964); The linguistic reorganisation of States (1935-1947); Regionalism and regional inequality; Integration of Princely States; Princes in electoral politics; the Question of National Language.
14 . Caste and Ethnicity after 1947; Backward Castes and Tribes in post-colonial electoral politics; Dalit movements.
15 . Economic development and political change; Land reforms; the politics of planning and rural reconstruction; Ecology and environmental policy in post-colonial India; Progress of Science.
16 . Enlightenment and Modern ideas:
(i) Major Ideas of Enlightenment: Kant, Rousseau.
(ii) Spread of Enlightenment in the colonies.
(iii) Rise of socialist ideas (up to Marx); spread of Marxian Socialism.
17 . Origins of Modern Politics:
(i) European States System.
(ii) American Revolution and the Constitution.
(iii) French Revolution and Aftermath, 1789-1815.
(iv) American Civil War with reference to Abraham Lincoln and the abolition of slavery.
(v) British Democratic politics, 1815-1850: Parliamentary Reformers, Free Traders, Chartists.
18 . Industrialization:
(i) English Industrial Revolution: Causes and Impact on Society.
(ii) Industrialization in other countries: USA, Germany, Russia, Japan.
(iii) Industrialization and Globalization.
19 . Nation-State System:
(i) Rise of Nationalism in 19th century.
(ii) Nationalism: State-building in Germany and Italy.
(iii) Disintegration of Empires in the face of the emergence of nationalities across the World.
20 . Imperialism and Colonialism:
(i) South and South-East Asia.
(ii) Latin America and South Africa.
(iii) Australia.
(iv) Imperialism and free trade: Rise of neo-imperialism.
21 . Revolution and Counter-Revolution:
(i) 19th Century European revolutions.
(ii) The Russian Revolution of 1917-1921.
(iii) Fascist Counter-Revolution, Italy and Germany.
(iv) The Chinese Revolution of 1949.
22 . World Wars:
(i) 1st and 2nd World Wars as Total Wars: Societal implications.
(ii) World War I: Causes and Consequences. (iii) World War II: Causes and Consequences.
23 . The World after World War II:
(i) Emergence of Two power blocs.
(ii) Emergence of Third World and non-alignment.
(iii) UNO and the global disputes.
24 . Liberation from Colonial Rule:
(i) Latin America-Bolivar.
(ii) Arab World-Egypt.
(iii) Africa-Apartheid to Democracy.
(iv) South-East Asia-Vietnam.
25 . Decolonization and Underdevelopment:
(i) Factors constraining development; Latin America, Africa.
26 . Unification of Europe:
(i) Post War Foundations; NATO and European Community.
(ii) Consolidation and Expansion of European Community
(iii) European Union.
27 . Disintegration of Soviet Union and the Rise of the Unipolar World:
(i) Factors leading to the collapse of Soviet Communism and Soviet Union, 1985-1991.
(ii) Political Changes in East Europe 1989-2001.
(iii) End of the Cold War and US Ascendancy in the World as the lone superpower.
