(d) Explanation: ■ Lord Macaulay’s Minute (1835) aimed to teach Western sciences and literature through the medium of English language alone. He held the view that ‘Indian learning was inferior to European Learning’, opened a few English schools and colleges instead of a large number of elementary schools, thus neglecting mass education and propagated ‘downward filtration Theory’. So, statement 1 is correct. ■ Wood’s Despatch (1854) is considered the ‘Magna Carta of English Education in India’. It recommended English as the medium of instruction for higher studies and vernaculars at school level. So, statement 2 is correct. ■ Saddler University Commission (1917-19) held the view that, for the improvement of university education, improvement of secondary education was a necessary precondition. Therefore, School courses should cover 12 years and university after an intermediate stage (rather than matric) for a three-year degree course in university. So, statement 3 is correct. ■ The Sergeant Plan of Education proposed Pre-primary education for 3-6 years age group; free universal and compulsory elementary education for 6-11 years age group; high school education for 11- 17 years age group for selected children, and a university course of 3 years after higher secondary. The objective was to create within 40 years, the same level of educational attainment as prevailed in England. So, statement 4 is correct.

(c) Explanation: ■ Pattachitra is a traditional painting of Odisha. The name Pattachitra comes from the Sanskrit word Patta, which means canvas/cloth and Chitra means picture. The paintings show a mix of classical and folk elements, with a bias towards the latter. So, statement 1 is not correct. ■ The base of the painting is treated cloth while the colours used come from natural sources including burnt coconut shells, hingula, ramaraja and lamp black. No pencil or charcoal is used, rather brush is used to draw the outlines in red or yellow after which the colours are filled. The background is decorated with foliage and flowers and the paintings have intricately worked frames. Once the final lines are drawn, the painting is given a coating of lacquer to give it a glossy finish. So, statement 2 is not correct. ■ Pattachitra paintings were traditionally drawn by the Mahapatra or maharanas, the original artiste caste in Odisha. These paintings became an important art form with the ornamentation of Lord Jagannath in the innermost sanctum, where paintings on specially treated Cloth or Pata of the deities were done by the temple painter. The themes were tribal and folk. So, statement 3 is correct.

(d) Explanation: ■ There were two kinds of state formations observed mainly under Mahajanapadas period – the monarchical kingdoms and the non-monarchical polities called the ganasanghas. ■ It is also believed that gana-sanghas were established by individuals with a liberated mindset who moved from the plains up towards the hills to establish communities with more egalitarian traditions since they were not satisfied with the growing orthodoxy and the rigid caste system of the plains. ■ Historians have understood the gana-sanghas variously as republics or oligarchies. In the gana-sanghas, unlike the monarchical kingdoms, power was diffused, i.e., power was exercised collectively, by a group of people. ■ Social stratification in these polities was limited. The gana-sanghas had only two strata – the kshatriya rajakula, i.e., the ruling families, and the dasakarmakara, i.e., the slaves and labourers. Land was owned collectively by the clan, but was worked on by labourers and slaves, the dasa-karmakaras. It is also important to note that while kinship ties bound the clan together, the labouring class of the kamakaras were nonkin labour. In terms of governance, there was no single hereditary monarch, but instead a chief known as the ganapati, or ganaraja, or sanghamukhya. ■ Matsya, Kosala, Avanti, Vatsa, Gandhara and Magadha are few examples of Monarchial Kingdoms. Whereas Vrijji and Licchavi were known for non-monarchical politics called the gana-sanghas.

(c) Explanation: ■ The Temple of Sree Padmanabhaswamy is located in Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala. The history of Sree Padmanabhaswamy Temple dates back to 8th century. It is one of the 108 sacred Vishnu temples or Divya Desams in India. Divya Desams are the holiest abodes of Lord Vishnu that are mentioned in the works of the Tamil Azhvars (saints). So, statement 3 is correct. ■ Nammalwar, 9th century poet and one among the 12 Vaishnavite saints of the Alvar tradition, has composed ten hymns in praise of Lord Padmanabha. The principal deity Vishnu is enshrined in the ‘Anantha Shayanam’ posture, the eternal yogic sleep/reclining position on the serpent Adisheshan. So, statement 1 is correct. ■ The temple architecture stands out for its work in stone and bronze. The temple interiors are adorned by beautiful paintings and murals, and are an amalgamation of Dravida and Kerala style of archi tecture (not hoysalas Architecture style). So, statement 2 is not correct. ■ Sree Padmanabhaswamy is the tutelary deity of the royal family of Travancore. The titular Maharaja of Travancore Moolam Thirunal Rama Varma is the trustee of the temple. The name of the city of Thiruvananthapuram in Malayalam translates to “The City of Lord Ananta”, referring to the deity of Padmanabhaswamy Temple.

(d) Explanation: ■ After the withdrawal of the Non-Cooperation Movement, C.R. Das and Motilal Nehru advocated a new political activity under the changed conditions. They said that nationalists should end the boycott of the Legislative Councils, enter them, obstruct their working according to official plans, expose their weaknesses, and thus use them to arouse public enthusiasm. In December 1922, Das and Motilal Nehru formed the Congress- Khilafat Swaraj Party with Das as President and Motilal Nehru as one of the secretaries. So, statements 1 and 2 are correct. ■ The new party was to function as a group within the congress. It accepted the Congress programme except in one respect- it would take part in council elections. Even though the Swarajists had little time for preparations, they did very well in the election of November 1923. They won 42 seats out of the 101 elected seats in the Central Legislative Assembly. So, statement 3 is correct.

(d) Explanation: ■ Alluri Sitharama Raju is believed to have been born in present-day Andhra Pradesh in 1897 or 1898, and is known for leading guerrilla resistance against the British. ■ The movement that took place in hill blocks of Rampa and Gudem was called the ‘Rampa rebellion’. The Manyam or Rampa Rebellion went on from 1922 to 1924. ■ During this time Raju often fought British troops, and got the title of “Manyam Veerudu” or the “Hero of Jungle”. He began to organise Adivasis against the atrocities by the police, the forest and revenue officials and extensively toured the ‘Manyam’ area. He told them that they were the sole owners of the forest produce and prepared them to fight against the oppressive Madras Forest Act, 1882. So, statement 1 is correct. ■ Alluri Sitarama Raju’s revolt against the British gained momentum after he opposed the strict implementation of the Madras Forest Act, 1882 that makes the life of tribal peope miserable by prohibiting them from Podu cultivation (age-old-cultivation by the tribal where they cannot use the cultivation process of the plains). So, statement 3 is correct. ■ Raju was inspired by the Non-Cooperation Movement and talked about the greatness of Mahatma Gandhi. He persuaded people to wear khadi and give up drinking. But at the same time, he asserted that India could be liberated only by the use of force, not non-violence. So, statement 2 is correct. ■ Anti-government sentiments were brewing among the locals, and this was seen in the looting of police stations in 1922 by tribals under the leadership of Raju. ■ Aided by local support, warfare was carried out in the next couple of years, but Raju was eventually captured by the British and executed in 1924.

(b) Explanation: ■ Vijayalaya, who belonged to the ancient chiefly family of the Cholas from Uraiyur, captured the Kaveri delta from the Muttaraiyar in the middle of the ninth century. He built the town of Thanjavur and a temple for goddess Nishumbhasudini there. The successors of Vijayalaya conquered neighbouring regions and the Chola kingdom grew in size and power. The Pandyan and the Pallava territories to the south and north were made part of this kingdom. Rajaraja I, considered the most powerful Chola ruler, became king in 985 and expanded control over most of these areas. So, statement 1 is not correct. ■ Brihadeeswara temple in Thanjavur was one of the masterpieces of Rajaraja I. Around 1010, he built the Arinchikai Eswaram temple in Melpadi village. The temple was a pallipadai (sepulcher) for his grandfather Arinjaya (956-957 CE). This sepulcher, as was the tradition of the time and was administered by the Pasupatas. Pallipadai means a Shiva temple constructed over the mortal remains of Chola rulers. So, statement 2 is correct. ■ He was a devout Saivite and also patronized a heterodox subsect called the Lakulisa Pasupatas in the 11th-12th centuries. So, statement 3 is correct.

(b) Explanation: The correct chronological order of the given events is as follow – ■ Murshid Quli Khan was made the Governor of Bengal in 1717, although he was the defacto ruler of the State since 1700. In 1702 he was given the title of Murshid Quli Khan. ■ The State of Hyderabad was founded by Nizam Ul Mulk in 1724. From 1722 – 1724 he was the Wazir of the Mughal empire. But he soon got disgusted with that office and decided to go back to the Deccan and laid the foundation of the Hyderabad empire. ■ Haider Ali came to power in Mysore in 1761 by overthrowing Nanjaraj and establishing his full authority. ■ In July 1799 Ranjit Singh seized Lahore, the capital of Punjab (now the capital of Punjab province, Pakistan). The Afghan king, Zamān Shah, confirmed Ranjit Singh as governor of the city, but in 1801 Ranjit Singh proclaimed himself maharaja of Punjab.

(d) Explanation: ■ Omkareshwar temple in Mandhata (Madhya Pradesh) is located on an island at Narmada River. This is a very ancient holy place for Hindus. It is one among the 12 Jyotirlingas dedicated to Lord Shiva. ■ The sidhdhawar kut of Jain and the cave of Govindacharya – Guru of Adiguru Shankaracharya (Philosopher of supreme theory of Advaita), ruins of the grand temple of Siddhnath, Temple of Gauri Somnath, and Rinkmukteshwar Temple are situated at this place.

(d) Explanation: ■ In 1599, a group of English merchants calling themselves the ‘Merchant Adventurers’ formed a company. On December 31, 1600, Queen Elizabeth I issued a charter with rights of exclusive trading to the company named the ‘Governor and Company of Merchants of London trading into the East Indies’. ■ The first voyage of the English East India Company (EIC) was made in 1601 when it sailed to the spice islands of Indonesia. So, statement 1 is not correct. ■ In 1608, it decided to open its factory, the name given to a trading depot, at Surat on the west coast of India and sent Captain Hawkins to Jahangir’s Court to obtain Royal favours. ■ The island of Bombay was acquired by the EIC from Portugal in 1688 and was immediately fortified. In Bombay, the English found a large and easily defendable port. Bombay soon superseded Surat as the headquarters of the Company on the western coast. So, statement 2 is not correct. ■ In eastern India, the English Company had opened its first factory in Orissa in 1633. In 1651, it was given permission to trade at Hugli in Bengal. It soon opened its factories in Patna, Balasore, Dacca and other places in Bengal and Bihar. So, statement 3 is not correct.