QUES . Define mantle plume and explain its role in plate tectonics. UPSC 2018 GS MAINS PAPER I , 150 words, 10 Marks
Volcanoes are usually found near the borders of tectonic plates that are violently either pushing or pulling at each other. Mysteriously, however, volcanoes sometimes erupt in the middle of these plates instead. The culprits behind these outbursts might be giant pillars of hot molten rock known as mantle plumes, jets of magma rising up from near the Earth’s core to penetrate overlying material like a blowtorch.
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Still, decades after mantle plumes were first proposed, controversy remains as to whether or not they exist.
Volcanoes of the Hawaii-Emperor volcanic chain
The concept of mantle plumes began in 1963 with the enigma of the Hawaiian volcanoes, which dwell more than 3,200 km from the nearest plate boundary. Scientists think that as the Pacific plate slid over a “hot spot,” a line of volcanoes blossomed.
On a map of the Pacific basin, we can find three linear chains of volcanoes and submarine volcanoes (seamounts). Although separated by thousands of miles, the three linear chains are parallel to each other. Of the three, the Hawaii-Emperor seamount chain is the most well known. For each chain, the islands become progressively younger to the southeast. The extreme southeast end of each chain is marked by active volcanoes.
In 1971, geophysicist W. Jason Morgan proposed that hot spots resulted from plumes of magma originating in the lower mantle near the Earth’s core at depths of more than 2,500 km. Researchers think these mantle plumes are shaped like mushrooms: narrow streams of molten rock topped with bulbous heads that buoyantly bob upward.
Importance of mantle plumes
Mantle plumes may contribute to continental rifting and the formation of ocean basins. The formation of the Hawaiian Island and Emperor Seamount chain in the middle of the Pacific Plate have been caused by mantle plume.
Mantle plumes transport primordial mantle material from below the zone of active convection that produce time-progressive volcanic chains, break up continents and act as a driving force for plate tectonics.
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The potential importance of mantle plumes may go well beyond explaining volcanism within plates. For example, the mantle plume that may lie under Réunion Island in the Indian Ocean has apparently burned a track of volcanic activity that reaches about 5,500 km northward to the Deccan Plateau region of what is now India. Catastrophic volcanism there 65 million years ago gushed lava across 1.5 million km2 , potentially hastening the end of the age of dinosaurs.
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Do mantle plumes really exist?
However, it remains hotly debated whether mantle plumes exist. For example, Massachusetts Institute of Technology seismologist Qin Cao and her colleagues used seismic waves to image activity beneath Hawaii; instead of finding a narrow mantle plume, they discovered that a giant thermal anomaly about 500–1,250 miles (800–2,000 km) wide located far west of the islands is apparently what feeds its volcanoes. The seismologists suggest Hawaiian volcanoes are fueled by a vast pool of hot matter on top of the lower mantle, not at its bottom near Earth’s core by a deep mantle plume.
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Some researchers suggest hot spots may form in ways besides mantle plumes, such as spreading or cracking within tectonic plates, or “superplumes” that reach up from near the core to the near the base of the upper mantle, where they then give rise to smaller plumes that rise to the surface.
External link: http://www.earthdynamics.org/steinberger/papers/encyclopedia-2005.pdf
